Copyright (c) Hyperion Entertainment and contributors.
TDDD IFF 3-D Rendering Data
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TDDD
FORM TDDD is used by Impulse's Turbo Silver 3.0 for 3D rendering
data. TDDD stands for "3D data description". The files contain
object and (optionally) observer data.
Turbo Silver's successor, "Imagine", uses an upgraded FORM TDDD
when it reads/writes object data.
Currently, in "standard IFF" terms, a FORM TDDD has only two chunk
types: an INFO chunk describing observer data; and an OBJ chunk
describing an object heirarchy. The INFO chunk appears only in
Turbo Silver's "cell" files, and the OBJ chunk appears in both
"cell" files and "object" files.
The FORM has an (optional) INFO chunk followed by some number of
OBJ chunks. (Note: OBJ is followed by a space -- ckID = "OBJ ")
The INFO and OBJ chunks, in turn, are made up of smaller chunks with
the standard IFF structure: <ID> <data-size> <data>.
The INFO "sub-chunks" are relatively straightforward to interpret.
The OBJ "sub-chunks" support object heirarchies, and are slightly
more difficult to interpret. Currently, there are 3 types of OBJ
sub-chunks: an EXTR chunk, describing an "external" object in a
seperate file; a DESC chunk, describing one node of a heirarchy;
and a TOBJ chunk marking the end of a heirarchy chain. For each
DESC chunk, there must be a corresponding TOBJ chunk. And an
EXTR chunk is equivalent to a DESC/TOBJ pair.
In Turbo Silver and Imagine, the structure of the object heirarchy
is as follows. There is a head object, and its (sexist) brothers.
Each brother may have child objects. The children may have
grandchildren, and so on. The brother nodes are kept in a doubly
linked list, and each node has a (possibly NULL) pointer to a
doubly linked "child" list. The children point to the "grandchildren"
lists, and so on. (In addition, each node has a "back" pointer to
its parent).
Each of the "head" brothers is written in a seperate OBJ chunk,
along with all its descendants. The descendant heirarchy is
supported as follows:
for each node of a doubly linked list,
1) A DESC chunk is written, describing its object.
2) If it has children, steps 1) to 3) are performed
for each child.
3) A TOBJ chunk is written, marking the end of the children.
For "external" objects, steps 1) to 3) are not performed, but
an EXTR chunk is written instead. (This means that an external
object cannot have children unless they are stored in the same
"external" file).
The TOBJ sub-chunks have zero size -- and no data. The DESC
and EXTR sub-chunks are made up of "sub-sub-chunks", again,
with the standard IFF structure: <ID> <data-size> <data>.
( "External" objects were used by Turbo Silver to allow a its
"cell" data files to refer to an "object" data file that is
"external" to the cell file. Imagine abandons the idea of
individual cell files, and deals only in TDDD "object" files.
Currently, Imagine does not support EXTR chunks in TDD files.)
Reader software WILL FOLLOW the standard IFF procedure of
skipping over any un-recognized chunks -- and "sub-chunks"
or "sub-sub-chunks". The <data-size> field indicates how many
bytes to skip. In addition it WILL OBSERVE the IFF rule that
an odd <data-size> may appear, in which case the corredponding
<data> field will be padded at the end with one extra byte to
give it an even size.
Now, on with the details.
First, there are several numerical fields appearing in the data,
describing object positions, rotation angles, scaling factors, etc.
They are stored as "32-bit fractional" numbers, such that the true
number is the 32-bit number divided by 65536. So as an example,
the number 3.14159 is stored as (hexadecimal) $0003243F. This
allows the data to be independant of any particular floating point
format. And it (actually) is the internal format used in the
"integer" version of Turbo Silver. Numbers stored in this format
are called as "FRACT"s below.
Second, there are several color (or RGB) fields in the data.
They are always stored as three UBYTEs representing the red,
green and blue components of the color. Red is always first,
followed by green, and then blue. For some of the data chunks,
Turbo Silver reads the color field into the 24 LSB's of a
LONGword. In such cases, the 3 RGB bytes are preceded by a
zero byte in the file.
The following "typedef"s are used below:
typedef LONG FRACT; /* 4 bytes */
typedef UBYTE COLOR[3]; /* 3 bytes */
typedef struct vectors {
FRACT X; /* 4 bytes */
FRACT Y; /* 4 bytes */
FRACT Z; /* 4 bytes */
} VECTOR; /* 12 bytes total */
typedef struct matrices {
VECTOR I; /* 12 bytes */
VECTOR J; /* 12 bytes */
VECTOR K; /* 12 bytes */
} MATRIX; /* 36 bytes total */
typedef struct _tform {
VECTOR r; /* 12 bytes - position */
VECTOR a; /* 12 bytes - x axis */
VECTOR b; /* 12 bytes - y axis */
VECTOR c; /* 12 bytes - z axis */
VECTOR s; /* 12 bytes - size */
} TFORM; /* 60 bytes total */
The following structure is used in generating animated cells
from a single cell. It can be attached to an object or to the
camera. It is also used for Turbo Silver's "extrude along a
path" feature. (It is ignored & forgotten by Imagine)
typedef struct story {
UBYTE Path[18]; /* 18 bytes */
VECTOR Translate; /* 12 bytes */
VECTOR Rotate; /* 12 bytes */
VECTOR Scale; /* 12 bytes */
UWORD info; /* 2 bytes */
} STORY; /* 56 bytes total */
The Path[] name refers to a named object in the cell data.
The path object should be a sequence of points connected
with edges. The object moves from the first point of the
first edge, to the last point of the last edge. The edge
ordering is important. The path is interpolated so that
the object always moves an equal distance in each frame of
the animation. If there is no path the Path[] field should
be set to zeros.
The Translate vector is not currently used.
The Rotate "vector" specifies rotation angles about the
X, Y, and Z axes.
The Scale vector specfies X,Y, and Z scale factors.
The "info" word is a bunch of bit flags:
ABS_TRA 0x0001 - translate in world coorinates (not used)
ABS_ROT 0x0002 - rotation in world coorinates
ABS_SCL 0x0004 - scaling in world coorinates
LOC_TRA 0x0010 - translate in local coorinates (not used)
LOC_ROT 0x0020 - rotation in local coorinates
LOC_SCL 0x0040 - scaling in local coorinates
X_ALIGN 0x0100 - (not used)
Y_ALIGN 0x0200 - align Y axis to path's direction
Z_ALIGN 0x0400 - (not used)
FOLLOW_ME 0x1000 - children follow parent on path
DESC sub-sub-chunks
-------------------
NAME - size 18
BYTE Name[18]; ; a name for the object.
Used for camera tracking, specifying story paths, etc.
SHAP - size 4
WORD Shape; ; number indicating object type
WORD Lamp; ; number indicating lamp type
Lamp numbers are composed of several bit fields:
Bits 0-1:
0 - not a lamp
1 - like sunlight
2 - like a lamp - intensity falls off with distance.
3 - unused/reserved
Bits 2:
0 - non-shadow-casting light
4 - shadow-casting light
Bits 3-4:
0 - Spherical light source
8 - Cylindrical light source.
16 - Conical light source.
24 - unused/reserved
Shape numbers are:
0 - Sphere
1 - Stencil ; not supported by Imagine
2 - Axis ; custom objects with points/triangles
3 - Facets ; illegal - for internal use only
4 - Surface ; not supported by Imagine
5 - Ground
Spheres have thier radius set by the X size parameter.
Stencils and surfaces are plane-parallelograms, with one
point at the object's position vector; one side lying along
the object's X axis with a length set by the X size; and
another side starting from the position vector and going
"Y size" units in the Y direction and "Z size" units in
the X direction. A ground object is an infinte plane
perpendicular to the world Z axis. Its Z coordinate sets
its height, and the X and Y coordinates are only relevant
to the position of the "hot point" used in selecting the
object in the editor. Custom objects have points, edges
and triangles associated with them. The size fields are
relevant only for drawing the object axes in the editor.
Shape number 3 is used internally for triangles of custom
objects, and should never appear in a data file.
POSI - size 12
VECTOR Position; ; the object's position.
Legal coordinates are in the range -32768 to 32767 and 65535/65536.
Currently, the ray-tracer only sees objects in the -1024 to 1024
range. Light sources, and the camera may be placed outside that
range, however.
AXIS - size 36
VECTOR XAxis;
VECTOR YAxis;
VECTOR ZAxis;
These are direction vectors for the object coordinate system.
They must be "orthogonal unit vectors" - i.e. the sum of the
squares of the vevtor components must equal one (or close to it),
and the vectors must be perpendicular.
SIZE - size 12
VECTOR Size;
See SHAP chunk above. The sizes are used in a variety of ways
depending on the object shape. For custom objects, they are
the lengths of the coordinate axes drawn in the editor. If the
object has its "Quickdraw" flag set, the axes lengths are also
used to set the size of a rectangular solid that is drawn rather
than drawing all the points and edges.
PNTS - size 2 + 12 * point count
UWORD PCount; ; point count
VECTOR Points[]; ; points
This chunk has all the points for custom objects. The are
refered to by thier position in the array.
EDGE - size 4 + 4 * edge cout
UWORD ECount; ; edge count
UWORD Edges[][2]; ; edges
This chunk contins the edge list for custom objects.
The Edges[][2] array is pairs of point numbers that
are connected by the edges. Edges are refered to by thier
position in the Edges[] array.
FACE - size 2 + 6 * face count
UWORD TCount; ; face count
UWORD Connects[][3]; ; faces
This chunk contains the triangle (face) list for custom objects.
The Connects[][3] array is triples of edge numbers that are
connected by triangles.
PTHD - size 2 + 6 * axis count - Imagine only
UWORD ACount; ; axis count
TFORM PData[][3]; ; axis data
This chunk contains the axis data for Imagine "path" objects.
The PData array contains a TFORM structure for each point along
the path. The "Y size" item for the last point on the path tells
whether the path is closed or not. Zero means closed, non-zero
means open. Otherwise the Y size field is the distance along
the path to the next path point/axis.
COLR - size 4
REFL - size 4
TRAN - size 4
SPC1 - size 4 - Imagine only
BYTE pad; ; pad byte - must be zero
COLOR col; ; RGB color
These are the main object RGB color, and reflection, transmission
and specularity coefficients.
CLST - size 2 + 3 * count
RLST - size 2 + 3 * count
TLST - size 2 + 3 * count
UWORD count; ; count of colors
COLOR colors[]; ; colors
These are the color, reflection and transmission coefficients
for each face in custom objects. The count should match the
face count in the FACE chunk. The ordering corresponds to the
face order.
TPAR - size 64 - not written by Imagine - see TXT1 below
FRACT Params[16]; ; texture parameters
This is the list of parameters for texture modules when
texture mapping is used.
TXT1 - variable size - Imagine only
This chunk contains texture data when texture mapping is used.
UWORD Flags; ; texture flags:
; 1 - TXTR_CHILDREN - apply to child objs
TFORM TForm; ; local coordinates of texture axes.
FRACT Params[16]; ; texture parameters
UBYTE PFlags[16]; ; parameter flags (currently unused)
UBYTE Length; ; length of texture file name
UBYTE Name[Length]; ; texture file name (not NULL terminated)
UBYTE pad; ; (if necessary to make an even length)
BRS1 - variable size - Imagine only (version 1.0)
BRS2 - variable size - Imagine only (version 1.1)
UWORD Flags; ; brush type:
; 0 - Color
; 1 - Reflection
; 2 - Filter
; 3 - Altitude
UWORD WFlags; ; brush wrapping flags:
; 1 WRAP_X - wrap type
; 2 WRAP_Z - wrap type
; 4 WRAP_CHILDREN - apply to children
; 8 WRAP_REPEAT - repeating brush
; 16 WRAP_FLIP - flip with repeats
TFORM TForm; ; local coordinates of brush axes.
(UWORD FullScale;) ; full scale value
(UWORD MaxSeq;) ; highest number for sequenced brushes
UBYTE Length; ; length of brush file name
UBYTE Name[Length]; ; brush file name (not NULL terminated)
UBYTE pad; ; (if necessary to make an even length)
The FullScale and MaxSeq items are in BRS2 chunks only.
SURF - size 5 - not written by Imagine
BYTE SProps[5]; ; object properties
This chunk contains object (surface) properties used
by Turbo Silver.
SProps[0] - PRP_SURFACE ; surface type
; 0 - normal
; 4 - genlock
; 5 - IFF brush
SProps[1] - PRP_BRUSH ; brush number (if IFF mapped)
SProps[2] - PRP_WRAP ; IFF brush wrapping type
; 0 - no wrapping
; 1 - wrap X
; 2 - wrap Z
; 3 - wrap X and Z
SProps[3] - PRP_STENCIL ; stencil number for stencil objects
SProps[4] - PRP_TEXTURE ; texture number if texture mapped
MTTR - size 2 - not written by Imagine - see PRP1 chunk.
UBYTE Type; ; refraction type (0-4)
UBYTE Index; ; custom index of refraction
This chunk contains refraction data for transparent or
glossy objects. If the refraction type is 4, the object
has a "custom" refractive index stored in the Index field.
The Index field is 100 * (true index of refraction - 1.00)
-- so it must be in the range of 1.00 to 3.55. The
refraction types is 0-3 specify 0) Air - 1.00, 1) Water - 1.33,
2) Glass - 1.67 or 3) Crystal 2.00.
SPEC - size 2 - not written by Imagine - see SPC1 above.
UBYTE Specularity; ; range of 0-255
UBYTE Hardness; ; specular exponent (0-31)
This chunk contains specular information. The Specularity
field is the amount of specular reflection -- 0 is none,
255 is fully specular. The "specular exponent" controls
the "tightness" of the specular spots. A value of zero
gives broad specular spots and a value of 31 gives smaller
spots.
PRP0 - size 6 - not written by Imagine
UBYTE Props[6]; ; more object properties
This chunk contains object properties that programs other
than Turbo Silver might support.
Props[0] - PRP_BLEND ; blending factor (0-255)
Props[1] - PRP_SMOOTH ; roughness factor
Props[2] - PRP_SHADE ; shading on/off flag
Props[3] - PRP_PHONG ; phong shading on/off flag
Props[4] - PRP_GLOSSY ; glossy on/off flag
Props[5] - PRP_QUICK ; Quickdraw on/off flag
The blending factor controls the amount of dithering used
on the object - 255 is fully dithered.
The roughness factor controls how rough the object should
appear - 0 is smooth, 255 is max roughness.
The shading flag is interpreted differently depending on
whether the object is a light source or not. For light
sources, it sets the light to cast shadows or not. For
normal objects, if the flag is set, the object is always
considered as fully lit - i.e. it's color is read directly
from the object (or IFF brush), and is not affected by light
sources.
The phong shading is on by default - a non-zero value turns
it off.
The glossy flag sets the object to be glossy or not. If
the object is glossy, the "transmit" colors and the index
of refraction control the amount of "sheen". The glossy
feature is meant to simulate something like a wax coating
on the object with the specified index of refraction. The
trasmission coefficients control how much light from the
object makes it through the wax coating.
The Quickdraw flag, if set, tells the editor not to draw
all the points and edges for the object, but to draw a
rectanglular solid centered at the object position, and
with sizes detemined by the axis lengths.
PRP1 - size 8 - Imagine only
UBYTE IProps[8]; ; more object properties
This chunk contains object properties that programs other
than Imagine might support.
IProps[0] - IPRP_DITHER ; blending factor (0-255)
IProps[1] - IPRP_HARD ; hardness factor (0-255)
IProps[2] - IPRP_ROUGH ; roughness factor (0-255)
IProps[3] - IPRP_SHINY ; shinyness factor (0-255)
IProps[4] - IPRP_INDEX ; index of refraction
IProps[5] - IPRP_QUICK ; flag - Quickdraw on/off
IProps[6] - IPRP_PHONG ; flag - Phong shading on/off
IProps[7] - IPRP_GENLOCK ; flag - Genlock on/off
The blending factor controls the amount of dithering used
on the object - 255 is fully dithered.
The hardness factor controls how tight the specular spot
should be - 0 is a big soft spot, 255 is a tight hot spot
The roughness factor controls how rough the object should
appear - 0 is smooth, 255 is max roughness.
The shiny factor in interaction with the object's filter
values controls how shiny the object appears. Setting it
to anything but zero forces the object to be non-transparent
since then the filter values are used in the shiny (reflection)
calculations. A value of 255 means maximum shinyness.
INTS - size 4 - not written by Imagine
FRACT Intensity; ; light intensity
This is the intensity field for light source objects.
an intensity of 255 for a sun-like light fully lights
object surfaces which are perpendicular to the direction
to the light source. For lamp-like light sources, the
necessary intensity will depend on the distance to the light.
INT1 - size 12 - Imagine only
VECTOR Intensity; ; light intensity
This is like INTS above, but has seperate R, G & B intensities.
STRY - size 56 - not written by Imagine
STORY story; ; a story structure for the object.
The story structure is described above.
ANID - size 64 - Imagine only
LONG Cellno; ; cell number
TFORM TForm; ; object position/axes/size in that cell.
For Imagine's "Cycle" objects, within EACH DESC chunk in the
file - that is, for each object of the group, there will be
a series of ANID chunks. The cell number sequences of each
part of the must agree with the sequence for the head object,
and the first cell number must be zero.
FORD - size 56 + 12 * PC - Imagine only
WORD NumC; ; number of cross section points
WORD NumF; ; number of slices
WORD Flags; ; orientation flag
WORD pad; ; reserved
MATRIX TForm; ; object rotation/scaling transformation
VECTOR Shift; ; object translation
VECTOR Points[PC]; ; "Forms" editor points
For Imagine's "Forms" objects, the "PNTS" chunk above is not
written out, but this structure is written instead. The point
count is PC = NumC + 4 * NumF. The object's real points are
then calculated from these using a proprietary algorithm.
The tranformation parameters above allow the axes of the
real object be moved around relative to the "Forms" points.
DESC notes
----------
Again, most of these fields are optional, and defaults are supplied.
However, if there is a FACE chunk, there must also be a CLST chunk,
an RLST chunk and a TLST chunk -- all with matching "count" fields.
The SHAP chunk is not optional.
Defaults are: Colors set to (240,240,240); reflection and
transmission coefficients set to zero; illegal shape; no story or
special surface types; position at (0,0,0); axes aligned to the
world axes; size fields all 32.0; intensity at 300; no name;
no points/edges or faces; texture parameters set to zero; refraction
type 0 with index 1.00; specular, hardness and roughness set to zero;
blending at 255; glossy off; phong shading on; not a light source;
not brightly lit;
In Imagine, defaults are the same, but with colors (255,255,255).
INFO sub-chunks
---------------
BRSH - size 82
WORD Number; ; Brush number (between 0 and 7)
CHAR Filename[80]; ; IFF ILBM filename
There may be more than one of these.
STNC - size 82
Same format as BRSH chunk.
TXTR - size 82
Same format as BRSH chunk. The Filename field is the name of
a code module that can be loaded with LoadSeg().
OBSV - size 28
VECTOR Camera; ; Camera position
VECTOR Rotate; ; Camera rotation angles
FRACT Focal; ; Camera focal length
This tells where the camera is, how it is aimed, and its
focal length. The rotation angles are in degrees, and specify
rotations around the X, Y, and Z axes. The camera looks down
its own Y axis, with the top of the picture in the direction of
the Z axis. If the rotation angles are all zero, its axes
are aligned with the world coordinate axes. The rotations are
performed in the order ZXY about the camera axes. A positive
angle rotates Y toward Z, Z toward X, and X toward Y for
rotations about the X, Y, and Z axes respectively. To
understand the focal length, imagine a 320 x 200 pixel
rectangle perpendicular to, and centered on the camera's
Y axis. Any objects in the infinite rectangular cone defined
by the camera position and the 4 corners of the rectangle will
appear in the picture.
OTRK - size 18
BYTE Trackname[18];
This chunk specifies the name of an object that the camera
is "tracked" to. If the name is NULL, the camera doesn't
track. Otherwise, if the object is moved inside Turbo Silver,
the camera will follow it.
OSTR - size 56
STORY CStory; ; a STORY structure for the camera
The story structure is defined above.
FADE - size 12
FRACT FadeAt; ; distance to start fade
FRACT FadeBy; ; distance of total fade
BYTE pad; ; pad byte - must be zero
COLOR FadeTo; ; RGB color to fade to
SKYC - size 8
BYTE pad; ; pad byte - must be zero
COLOR Horizon; ; horizon color
BYTE pad; ; pad byte - must be zero
COLOR Zenith; ; zenith color
AMBI - size 4
BYTE pad; ; pad byte - must be zero
COLOR Ambient; ; abmient light color
GLB0 - size 8
BYTE Props[8]; ; an array of 8 "global properties" used
; by Turbo Silver.
Props[0] - GLB_EDGING ; edge level (globals requester)
Props[1] - GLB_PERTURB ; perturbance (globals requester)
Props[2] - GLB_SKY_BLEND ; sky blending factor (0-255)
Props[3] - GLB_LENS ; lens type (see below)
Props[4] - GLB_FADE ; flag - Sharp/Fuzzy focus (globals)
Props[5] - GLB_SIZE ; "apparant size" (see below)
Props[6] - GLB_RESOLVE ; resolve depth (globals requester)
Props[7] - GLB_EXTRA ; flag - genlock sky on/off
The edging and perturbance values control the heuristics in
ray tracing. The sky blending factor is zero for no blending,
and 255 for full blending. The lens type is a number from 0
4, corresponding to the boxes in the "camera" requester, and
correspond to 0) Manual, 1) Wide angle, 2) Normal, 3) Telephoto,
and 4) Custom. It is used in setting the camera's focal length
if the camera is tracked to an object. The Sharp/Fuzzy flag
turns the "fade" feature on and off - non-zero means on.
The "apparant size" parameter is 100 times the "custom size"
parameter in the camera requester. And is used to set the
focal length for a custom lens. The "resolve depth" controls
the number of rays the ray tracer will shoot for a single pixel.
Each reflective/refractive ray increments the depth counter, and
the count is never allowed to reach the "resolve depth". If both
a reflective and a refractive ray are traced, each ray gets its
own version of the count - so theoretically, a resolve depth of
4 could allow much more than 4 rays to be traced. The "genlock
sky" flag controls whether the sky will be colored, or set to
the genlock color (color 0 - black) in the final picture.
All of the INFO sub-chunks are optional, as is the INFO chunk.
Default values are supplied if the chunks are not present. The
defaults are: no brushes, stencils, or textures defined; no story
for the camera; horizon and zenith and ambient light colors set
to black; fade color set to (80,80,80); un-rotated, un-tracked
camera at (-100, -100, 100); and global properties array set to
[30, 0, 0, 0, 0, 100, 8, 0].
EXTR sub-sub-chunks
-------------------
MTRX - size 60
VECTOR Translate; ; translation vector
VECTOR Scale; ; X,Y and Z scaling factors
MATRIX Rotate; ; rotation matrix
The translation vector is i world coordinates.
The scaling factors are with respect to local axes.
The rotation matrix is with respect to the world axes,
and it should be a "unit matrix".
The rotation is such that a rotated axis's X,Y, and Z
components are the dot products of the MATRIX's I,J,
and K vectors with the un-rotated axis vector.
LOAD - size 80
BYTE Filename[80]; ; the name of the external file
This chunk contains the name of an external object file.
The external file should be a FORM TDDD file. It may contain
an any number of objects possibly grouped into heirarchy(ies).
Both of these chunks are required.
