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== AmigaOS, the flexible operating system ==
  
   
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Like any modern personal computer system, AmigaOS presents a graphic interface and relies on common peripherals to let the user control their system.
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AmigaOS is an operating system. It is a program written specifically to operate a computer. It is the program the user will use to control the computer and the same program that is used by the computer to send feedback or results back to the user.
  
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Beyond most systems, AmigaOS provides more flexibility and options in how the user can approach, configure and use their Amiga computer.
   
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In this page we will describe the details of AmigaOS graphic user interface (GUI) - how screens, windows and gadgets are presented and how you can use them.
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AmigaOS is designed with ease of use in mind. There are no stupid limitations like what can be found on other systems. As an example, the Amiga user can organise his/her data the way he/she likes (file hierarchy) and also organise his/her harddisk using long names and not just a letter (C:) or cryptic names (sda1).
  
  +
We will also describe the various means by which the user can control and operate AmigaOS. In additional pages, you can read about [[UserDoc:How AmigaOS Works|how AmigaOS works]] and what its components are.
   
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== AmigaOS Input - Point, Click and Type ==
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Also the user does not need to instruct the operating system when he/she wants to shut the computer down. Why? Because if the user didn't start an action that writes to the disks then you can be sure there is no write running. AmigaOS does not do actions without the user knowing it. With AmigaOS the user controls the computer and not the other way around.
  
   
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There are two common ways you can use and control your AmigaOS system - by mouse and keyboard.
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Since the first versions of AmigaOS, Amiga developers learnt how to optimise an application. It means they worked on their program to make it fast on the current hardware, instead of just hoping there would soon be a new powerful hardware to run their program.
  
   
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But AmigaOS also lets you control your system by other input devices (like touchscreens or voice recognition) depending on drivers and devices connected. Depending on software installed, AmigaOS can also be remotely controlled by networked protocols (like VNC and Synergy). Finally, AmigaOS can be controlled internal scripts set up by the User.
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== AmigaOS platform targets ==
  
   
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=== Using the mouse ===
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Whereas the older versions of AmigaOS would run on computer of the eighties, based on the 68k series of Motorola CPU, the current version runs on [http://www.amigaos.net/content/72/supported-hardware hardware] based on a PowerPC processor. Basically these are the old Amiga computers (also called Classic Amigas) and the new generation Amiga computers. In this manual, we concentrate on newer hardware as these are the machines still manufactured. What is described here still apply to some extent to the Classic Amigas.
  
   
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[[File:Style2.5.png|frame|right]]
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== How to use AmigaOS? ==
  
   
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Typically in AmigaOS, you use a mouse to act on graphic elements (like "gadgets", "icons" or webpage "links"). By default, AmigaOS expects and supports mice or trackball pointing devices with at least two buttons. The left mouse button is used to "left-click" on graphic objects, to select them or operate them. The right mouse button is used to "right-click" and display the menus of the current application.
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You can use the AmigaOS system with a mouse and/or a keyboard but also by some other input devices the system can support. Another way to perform actions and get their result is to execute command scripts. They are a list of commands that will be executed. Each command will do an action.
  
   
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Optionally, one can use a mouse or trackball device with three (a "middle" button) and four buttons. With such devices, the functionality of the additional buttons can vary by application or environment. These functionalities can typically be configured by the user in specific applications or within AmigaOS (globally).
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There are different sets of commands you can use in scripts. There are AmigaDOS commands, AREXX commands or Python commands. Each of these language as its rules and you'll have to learn the one that suits better the actions you want to do.
  
   
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Furthermore, scroll wheels are supported by AmigaOS in a context-based fashion. If the current application's window is scrollable, the scrollwheel will act on that area. If the mouse pointer is positioned over a specifically scrollable gadget, the scrollwheel will affect that gadget.
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=== The Shell ===
  
   
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In some applications and environments, you can also "double-click" (click twice, quickly) with the left button on an object to engage them. In the Workbench file manager, a single mouse click will only "select" an icon, whereas a double-click will open drawer/directory, run an application or open a file in an associated program.
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The Shell is a command line interface. You will need to enter commands using the keyboard. When a command is executed by the system, you will get the result of it.
  
   
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Beside "clicking" - pressing down and releasing a mouse button at a specific location - you can also perform what is known as "dragging", which means clicking down and then moving the mouse around before releasing the mouse button. This is typically always done with the left mouse button and is done to select objects (draw a box around them), to adjust a control slider or to resize a window.
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=== The Workbench ===
  
   
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<br style="clear: both" />
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The Workbench is the first thing you see when AmigaOS is fully started. It is the main place where you can control AmigaOS from. It will allow you to use your mouse to open programs, do actions or just to examine your disks and your data you stored on them.
  
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The Workbench is graphical interface between the user and the computer. Please see the section about the AmigaOS [http://wiki.amigaos.net/index.php/UserDoc:Workbench Workbench] to learn more about it.
  
   
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=== Scripts ===
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=== Using the keyboard ===
   
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Of course the keyboard is used to enter text into text editing areas. But your keyboard can do so much more with its special "qualifier" keys and AmigaOS.
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You can create a script using a text editor. Then you will be able to run such script from the Workbench or from the shell (or from any other script).
  
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Scripts contain a list of commands written in a specific language. There are different languages you can choose from: the AmigaDOS language, Arexx, Python or many others.
  
   
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The most common example of a qualifier key is the "Shift" key which causes typed text to be made upper-case or capitalized. There are more qualifier keys on most keyboards, here is a list of all of them:
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== What do you see in AmigaOS? ==
  
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* '''the Shift keys''' - the common key that causes your text to be capitalized.
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* '''The "Alternate" keys''' - the "Alt" keys typically to the bottom right and left of the keyboard.
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* '''the "Control" keys''' - the "Ctrl" keys also to the bottom right and left of the keyboard.
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* '''the "Amiga" keys''' - special "A" keys on the right and left side of the space bar. Besides being unique to AmigaOS, the right and left Amiga keys always mean different things (unlike the rest of the qualifier keys, most of the time). If you have a non-AmigaOS keyboard, the "Windows" or MacOS "Command" keys function as "Amiga" keys.
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** '''the Right Amiga key''' - is used for "short cuts" within your current application.
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** '''the Left Amiga key''' - is used for "short cuts" that are globally active anytime and anywhere in your AmigaOS system.
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While all of these qualifier keys don't usually do anything on their own, when you press and hold one or more of these keys down while pressing regular keys, they can change what you type (capitalizing or making alternate characters) or become powerful "short-cuts" within your applications or throughout your entire AmigaOS system.
   
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The most famous short-cuts are the '''copy''', '''cut''' and '''paste''' operations that you can perform on selected text:
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When AmigaOS is started, you see several graphical elements. Let's see what they are and how they are called in AmigaOS.
  
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* the '''Right-Amiga C''' short-cut copies any selected text or content to the Clipboard.
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* the '''Right-Amiga X''' short-cut "cuts" any selected text or content to the Clipboard.
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* the '''Right-Amiga V''' short-cut "pastes" any text or content from the Clipboard into your application (at the current cursor location).
   
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== The AmigaOS GUI - Intuition ==
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=== Icons ===
  
   
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When AmigaOS has started, you will typically see the Workbench file manager. This is the start of your experience with the AmigaOS GUI and its most basic elements: a screen with menus and windows containing icons and "gagdets". These components are the basic building blocks of virtually all AmigaOS & application interfaces.
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Icons are a small image which represents a disk, a directory or a file.
  
   
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As with most things in AmigaOS, almost all of the following components can also be almost infinitely reconfigured, adjusted and graphically varied by the user. In the AmigaOS "Preferences" drawer, the "GUI", "ASL", "Locale", "Font", "Palette", "Poiner", "PopUpMenu", "Screens", "Workbench" and "WBPattern" preference editors easily allow a user to reconfigure the look and feel of their Amiga's GUI in dramatic ways.
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=== Windows ===
  
   
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AmigaOS also supports the use of alternate GUI systems in parallel with the default "Intuition" (aka "Reaction") GUI system. By default AmigaOS also comes with the "Magic User Interface" system ("MUI", a variant of the basic AmigaOS GUI system). Aside from Intuition, MUI can be reconfigured even more widely using its own MUI configuration app.
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Windows are graphic areas which can contain different elements.
  
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Additionally, AmigaOS can use a number of third-party "cross-platform" GUI systems: "AmiCygnix" GUI system - a native X11 GUI implementation for AmigaOS - and a native port of the "Qt" GUI system. With either of these systems, it is possible to run ported applications compiled for AmigaOS, but running with these cross-platform GUI systems.
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To start with, we will explore the elements that make up the AmigaOS GUI system.
   
 
=== Screens ===
  
=== Screens ===
   
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As start-up, the Workbench will be running on its "Workbench Screen". This will be the default location where most other application windows will also appear when started.
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Screens are areas that contain windows.
  
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Typically an AmigaOS screen will have a "title bar" across the top with a graphical "depth gadget" at the right end. In the case of the Workbench screen, there will be an AmigaOS "boing ball" at the left end and the title bar will display certain system information (OS version, memory availability, etc.) Within the screen, the Workbench and any other applications can open windows, display icons and other GUI devices. If you right-click over the title bar, it becomes a "Menu Bar", showing you the control menus that are available for that application.
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In many cases, other applications may open screens in addition to the Workbench screen. The "depth gadget" at the right end of each screen's title bar allows you to click from screen from screen. Besides clicking on the screen's depth gadet, AmigaOS also lets the user see other screens behind the front screen by "dragging" down on the screen title bar.
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The characteristics of the Workbench screen such as resolution and color depth can be configured in the "Screenmode" preferences editor. Other screens can be either be configured in the "Screens" preferences editor or from within individual applications. Typically, AmigaOS applications also give the user the choice of whether application runs on their own screens or the "public" Workbench screen.
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=== Windows ===
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Windows are graphic containers that appear within AmigaOS screens. Windows can be created by any number of different applications - the Workbench, Shell sessions or applications. Outside of the Workbench file manager, each window usually reflects each individual running application. In some cases, one application may open multiple documents in separate windows or additional "requester" windows might appear for an application.
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[[File:LibFig4-1.png]]
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Almost all windows of AmigaOS will have these common elements:
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* '''Borders''' - A border around the window's contents. Holding the Shift+Left-Amiga keys down while dragging any border will drag the window around.
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* '''Title bar''' - A thicker top border that typically contains a name of the application or its contents. The area of the title bar acts as a "drag bar" which you can use to drag the window around the screen.
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* '''Depth gadget''' - The right-most gadget in the top title bar that either pulls the window to front (if it isn't frontmost) or pushes it to the back (if it's in front). Holding down the Shift key while clicking this gagdet pushes the window to the back.
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In AmigaOS, windows may also optionally have these additional features and elements:
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* '''Close gadget''' - The left-most gadget in the title bar that closes the window.
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* '''Scroll bar(s) and arrows''' - If the contents of the window can be scrolled in vertically and/or horizontally, there will be a scroll bar with arrow scroll buttons. These scroll bars can also be used if the mouse pointer is over a scroll bar and the mouse scroll wheel is used.
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* '''Zoom gadget''' - the second gadget from the right-most of the title bar which switches the window between two sizes. Holding down the Shift key while clicking this gadget will make it fill the screen.
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* '''Iconification gadget''' - left-most of the right-hand gadgets in the title bar which causes the window to disappear into an icon on the Workbench background - thus "Iconifying" the window or application.
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* '''Sizing gadget''' - In the case of windows that can be resized, this is the gadget in the bottom right corner of the window that you can drag to resize the window.
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Each AmigaOS application can use many different combinations of these features in the make up of their windows.
   
 
=== Menus ===
  
=== Menus ===
   
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[[File:LibFig2-4.png|frame|right]]
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Menus are lists of items that will allow you to control a specific program.
  
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Menus are lists of items that will allow you to see and use what commands are available in an application. The Workbench uses menus you can use to perform actions on the Workbench and its contents. Menus typically provide many more functions and commands than can be presented to the user than just graphic buttons, etc. within an application's window, as a result they are a primary way most applications are used.
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In AmigaOS menus can always be found for the current application by moving the mouse to the top of the screen and holding down the right mouse button. The screen title bar will become a menu bar and will show the names of all the current application's menus.
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By dragging with the right mouse button, each menu will display its "menu items". Each of those menu items corresponds to a command or setting, and can be selected by releasing the right mouse button while the desired menu item is highlighted. In some cases you will find a "check box" on a menu item which you can select to toggle a setting. In other cases, you will find that menu items have a little arrow head that indicates that item actually has a "sub-menu" - a menu within a menu. Menus ending with an ellipsis ("...") indicate that menu item will open a window that can be cancelled without committing any command. For those menu items that might be deactivated (they may not apply at the moment), they will be "greyed-out".
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The labels of many menu items will also include a letter or two with an "A" at the right edge. This indicates what the keyboard Right-Amiga "short cut" is the equivalent of using that menu item within that application. In the above screen shot, you can see that pressing the two keys - "Right-Amiga" and "N" - would do the same as that menu item - to create a new drawer.
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<br style="clear: both" />
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====Consistent Organization====
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For the sake of consistency (when applicable), the first two AmigaOS menus of any application are typically organized with the following hierarchy and use these keyboard equivalents:
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{| border="0"
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|'''First Menu:'''
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----
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|| || Keyboard equivalent: || '''Second Menu:'''
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----
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|| || Keyboard equivalent:
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|-
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|'''PROJECT'''
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----
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|| || ||'''EDIT'''
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----
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||
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|-
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|'''New'''|| = Create new project in application.||Right-Amiga N||'''Cut'''|| = Cut the selected content into the Clipboard.||Right-Amiga X
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|-
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|'''Open...'''|| = Open the file containing a project.||Right-Amiga O||'''Copy'''|| = Copy the selected content into the Clipboard.||Right-Amiga C
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|-
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|'''Save'''|| = Save the project to it's current file name.||Right-Amiga S||'''Paste'''|| = Paste the Clipboard contents into the project (at the current location).||Right-Amiga V
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|-
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|'''Save As...'''|| = Save the project to a file of a new name.|| ||'''Undo'''|| = Undo the last change to current project.||Right-Amiga Z
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|-
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|'''Print'''|| = Print the current project.||Right-Amiga P||'''Redo'''|| = Restore the last change "undone" in the current project.||
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|-
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|'''Close'''|| = Close the project.|| || || ||
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|-
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|'''Quit'''|| = Quit the application.||Right-Amiga Q||
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|}
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====Menu Variations====
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AmigaOS also includes some additional ways menus can be presented to the user:
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=====Pop-Up Menus=====
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[[File:OS4-WBPopUpMenu.jpg|frame|right]]
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In the GUI preferences editor you can configure menus to "pop-up" under the mouse pointer whenever you right-click the mouse. This means you do not need to move the mouse to the top of the screen to use the menus. There are also options for making menus "sticky", meaning that you don't need to drag the mouse to navigate the menus, but rather just right click and the menus stay open until you make a selection or click away.
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<br style="clear: both" />
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=====Context Menus=====
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[[File:OS4-WBContextMenu.jpg|frame|right]]
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The Workbench (with a utility added by default) and many applications provide "contextual menus". This means that you can put your mouse pointer over elements and right-click to pop-up a menu of things that are specific to the item you clicked over. In the case of the Workbench (with the Context Menus utility), right clicking on a file will pop-up a menu of things that could be done with that file, like deleting it.
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All of these features provide both a simple means of using many functions within an application and at the same time allowing the user to configure a very efficient user interface that responds to nearly every whim.
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<br style="clear: both" />
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=== Icons ===
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==== Description ====
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Icons are small images which can represent a disk, a directory, an application file or data file. Icons are primarilly used within the AmigaOS Workbench environment to represent all the file system objects the user can manipulate. With these icons it is possible to select files, open them, delete them or move them around within the Workbench. Applications may also make more limited use of icons to represent file system objects or may be used as imagery in an "icon bar" of buttons that can be clicked to perform various actions represented by icon imagery, like the Clock above.
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{|style="text-align: center;"
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|[[File:LibDiskIcon.png|frame|left|100px|Drive icon]] [[File:Icons.png|frame|right|Directory with sub-directory, data and application file icons]]
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|}
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AmigaOS also uses different icon imagery to indicate various types of icons - drives, directories, files and applications. Drive or partition icons look like little hard drives.
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A directory icon will look like a cabinet & drawer whereas a file icon will be designed to give a clue about the file content.
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Data files are normally shown with a "page" motif and some graphics or text to reflect the file type.
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Application files typically have the most free-form graphics that reflect their purpose, name or developer.
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The user can also edit the icon imagery using the icon editor, change how icons react to being double-clicked and adjust parameters stored within the icon file that affect how the represented file will be used.
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Many applications and all AmigaOS file requesters allow Workbench icons to be "dragged and dropped" into the application or requester windows and the associated file will be recognized by the application, if possible.
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==== Icon states ====
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Icons can look different not only because of their image but also depending on their state.
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As you can see in the directory example, the 2 top left icons appear semi-transparent. This subtle difference reflects whether the file or directory has an associated icon file with it. In AmigaOS, any directory or file can have such an icon file that stores a unique icon image, unique program settings or specific settings for that file or directory. That information can be adjusted within the Workbench and is automatically stored in a companion file with the same name, but with an added '''.info''' suffix.
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While many files and directories and most applications have such ".info files" with them, they are not required and the Workbench can be set to show you "default icons" (based on the file types, etc.) so you can manipulate the corresponding objects. Of course, AmigaOS can also be configured on a directory-by-directory basis to only show files that have associated ".info" files.
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In the same picture, the two top right directory icons also look slightly different. While the '''Utilities selected''' and the '''Utilities unselected''' are the same icon, their image is a bit different. The drawer of the first one is slightly opened and there is a "glow" effect arround the first icon. These two visual clues show you the first directory icon has been selected by the user whereas the second one is not.
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==== App Icons ====
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Many applications provide the option to be "iconified" either by clicking on an iconification gadget in their window title bars or by selecting a menu item. In those events, the application's window will disappear and an "app icon" will appear on the background of the Workbench screen. Double-clicking on the app icon will cause the icon to disappear and the application's window to reappear. Even while the application is iconified, it does continue to run and perform whatever the user may have it doing.
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Some applications may also place an app icon on the Workbench background even while the application is open to allow the user to be able to drop other file icons on the app icon and have them be used by the application.
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=== Graphic gadgets ===
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Within AmigaOS and application windows, there can be any number of graphic devices meant to be operated by your mouse with clicks and drags - these are known as "gagdets". In most cases, the gagdets are simple analogs of real world objects - like buttons you press with your finger, forms you fill out with a pencil or tabs on folders.
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[[File:LibFig5-1.png]]
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==== Buttons ====
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[[File:OS4-Buttons.jpg|frame|right]]
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Buttons (or "Boolean gadgets") are some of the most common GUI objects. With a simple left-click of your mouse button, they are used to perform actions, set configurations or indicate choices.
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In AmigaOS, clicking "down" on a button typically causes the button to be rendered differently, to reflect that it has been "pressed". Engaging the button is not actually recognized until you let go with the mouse button over the graphic gadget. This means that while the gadget has been clicked down, you always have the option of moving the mouse off the button gadget and then letting go and it will be as though the button had never been "pressed" or clicked on.
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<br style="clear: both" />
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==== Text gadgets ====
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[[File:OS4-StringGadgets.jpg|frame|right]]
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A text gadget (or "String gadget") works like a space in a paper form to be filled out - left click in the gadget, you will see a cursor appear and you can type your answer.
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Once you've finished typing your infrormation, you can either press the enter, carriage-return or tab keys for your entry to be recognized.
   
  +
Text or string gadgets can also come in a number of variants for specific uses. Some can limit input to be numeric only (and may have adjacent buttons to increment or decrement the value). Some string gadgets may be specifically be meant for file or directory names and they have adjacent gagdets that will bring up a file requester to set the value. Many times a numeric gadget is paired with a slider gadget (as in the example above), where the value can either be set by typing in the gadget or by using the slider.
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== How is my data stored? ==
  
  +
<br style="clear: both" />
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=== Files ===
  
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==== Executable files ====
 +
==== Sliders & Scroll Bars ====
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Programs you can start are stored in executable files. These are files with an executable bit, a flag that shows AmigaOS that such file will do something when started.
  
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An example is a music player. When you start this executable, the player opens and you can start playing music files.
  
   
  +
[[File:OS4-SliderGadgets.jpg|frame|right]]
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==== Data files ====
  
  +
Slider gadgets work like controls many of have seen on their stereo systems - left-click and drag on the gadget "knob" to move it back and forth to set a value. A more sophisticated variant of the slider is the "scroll bar" that has a variably sized scroll bar contained in a scroll box that lets you see what proportion of the active range is visible or active.
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Files that are not executable are data files. These contain some data that will be manipulated by programs. Some examples are a music file, a video file or a text document.
  
   
  +
With all slider and scroller gadgets AmigaOS also lets you click in the area to either side of the knob or slider to adjust the setting. In the case of sliders, the value will typically move by a fixed amount (+/- 1 or some suitable increment). In the case of scroll bars, clicking in the scroll box on either side of the scroll bar will cause the value to move in increments of the scroll bar size. Scroll bars also come with "scroll arrows" at the end of the scroll box that allow for finer movement of the scroll bar.
−
=== Directories/Drawers ===
  
  +
<br style="clear: both" />
−
In order to organise things a bit, files are not all of them in the same place. We create directories which like drawers of a cabinet will store different files of the same kind.
  
  +
==== Cycle gadgets ====
−
The graphical interface of AmigaOS being called the Workbench, directories are often called drawers.
  
   
  +
[[File:OS4-CycleGadgets.jpg|frame|right]]
−
=== Disks, partitions and volumes ===
  
  +
Cycle gagdets are a variant on buttons that let you select from a number of specific choices. You can either click on the majority of the gadget to pop-up a list of choices to select from or click on the circular arrow to cycle between the list of choices. Cycle gagdets rarely cause actions to occur, they just adjust some setting or configuration.
−
==== Disks ====
  
  +
<br style="clear: both" />
−
Disks are storage medium you can purchase on a computer store. We use them to store our files.
  
  +
==== Check Box & Radio Button gadgets ====
   
  +
[[File:OS4-CheckRadioGadgets.jpg|frame|right]]
−
==== Partitions ====
  
  +
Another variant of buttons, check boxes can be clicked to set on/off or yes/no conditions with a checkmark, just like a check box in a paper form. Radio buttons are another variant where two or more round buttons are presented in a set and only one of the set can be clicked and activated, like the buttons on a stereo system.
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A disk is often very big and many users prefer to make it more organised. This is done virtually splitting the disk into several smaller parts. This operation is known as creating partitions on a disk.
  
  +
<br style="clear: both" />
  +
==== Tabs ====
   
  +
[[File:OS4-Tabs.jpg|frame|right]]
−
TODO: insert a disk image with partitions
  
  +
Tabs are a graphical gadget that is used in combination with a "pages" or sets of gadgets and/or information, and you can click on the "tabs" to switch between the pages - like you might in a real notebook with tabbed pages. This provides a efficient way to present more information and settings in a compact interface.
  +
<br style="clear: both" />
  +
====Requesters====
   
  +
[[File:LibFig2-5.png|frame|right]]
−
==== Volumes ====
  
  +
As one uses AmigaOS and its applications, from time to time a "Requester" window may appear to ask the user a question - basically windows with gadgets in them. Such requesters can appear to confirm an action, obtain more information, make a selection or configuration. Typically a series of buttons across the bottom of the window will dispatch the requester, with the bottom-left button gadget indicating some affirmative choice and the bottom-right button gagdet cancelling the requester (performing no action or change).
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A partition is a physical area on a disk. To access it with AmigaOS we could read the physical data off the partition but it's not an easy way. To make it easier AmigaOS uses the concept of volumes. These are virtual representations of a partition. The volumes have a name so AmigaOS and therefore the user can access all files/directories stored on it in a very practical way: just by using its name.
  
  +
<br style="clear: both" />
   
  +
====Keyboard Operation of Gadgets====
−
== AmigaOS components ==
  
  +
As with so many things, AmigaOS and its applications provide a secondary way to operate many of these gadgets - by keyboard. If a window contains text gadgets, pressing your keyboard's TAB key will activate the text gadgets in sequence (a cursor will appear in each so you can type & edit). Each press of the TAB key will cycle to the next gadget and pressing SHIFT + TAB will cycle through the gadgets in reverse order.
   
  +
You may have noticed in many of the above sample images that many of the gagdets or their adjacent "label" texts contain a single underlined character. This is a sign that pressing that key on your keyboard will activate that gadget. Each gadget can then be operated by your keyboard - just like clicking on a button, clicking on a tab, setting a text or numeric value, etc. Of course, if you are in the midst of typing in a text gadget, then things you type will go into that gadget instead of operating other gagdets.
−
AmigaOS is made of different components which have their own job in the system. The most important ones are mandatory. Without them the system does not even start. Other components are less important and the user can choose to use them or not. This is the case of drivers. For instance, a device driver may be omitted. If so, the corresponding device will just not work as AmigaOS will have no driver that allows it to know what to do with this device.
  
   
−
=== Kickstart modules ===
 +
== Finding Files in AmigaOS ==
   
  +
[[File:OS4-ASLReq.jpg|frame|right]]
−
These components are the heart of AmigaOS. Their duties is to do graphics, to handle discs or to handle all reads/writes to files. Also one of them is the AmigaOS kernel which is some kind of director handling the work of all other components.
  
  +
AmigaOS provides a consistent method for navigating your file system and finding your files from within your apps - the "ASL file requester". It is used by everything in AmigaOS and most third party applications. It is the window (or "requester") that appears when you want to open or save files.
−
You can find all these modules in the '''Kickstart''' directory in the system volume. Here is a list:
  
   
  +
As you can see, the ASL file requester presents the files in a given location in your file systems (a directory or "drawer") and shows their size, date of creation or last modification and any comments attached to the file. The above example shows the same directory as appeared above in this page.
−
==== Mandatory modules ====
  
   
  +
At the bottom corners of the window are buttons to accept the selection ("OK") or cancel the requester. Between those are buttons to view all the drives & partitions on your system ("Volumes") or to move to the "Parent" of the current directory.
−
The following modules are required in any AmigaOS system. Without one of these, the system will not start.
  
   
  +
Also at the bottom of the window you will see three text gadgets. The first of these is optional and allows you to filter what is shown in the file list - it is now shown filtering out any file with a ".info" suffix (those are AmigaOS icon files). The next two lines reflect the current directory path name and the currently selected file name (also selected in the file list above). In the case of saving files, you would type any name you wanted in the bottom text field to create a new file. Clicking on the titles of the file list will let you sort the file list.
−
* kernel - The kernel works like a conductor in an orchestra. Its job is to make everything works together. It creates processes, handle memory usage, defines the way other components will access peripherals...etc. Note that the AmigaOS kernel is not based on any other kernel. It is a self made kernel that works since 1983.
  
−
* loader - this component handles the loading of all other kickstart modules
  
−
* battclock.resource.kmod - this module handles reading/writing the battery backed up clock which is used on all computers to keep the date and time
  
−
* bootimage - this is the boot picture. It is displayed during the start sequence of AmigaOS
  
−
* bootmenu.kmod - this component handles the Early Startup Menu the use can use to define some settings before starting AmigaOS
  
−
* con-handler.kmod - it directs the read and write requests to the console window, to a serial AUX: device or any other supported interface
  
−
* console.device.kmod - it opens a window and reads/writes text to and from that window
  
−
* diskboot.kmod - handles the booting of AmigaOS from a supported disk
  
−
* diskboot.config - this is a text file experienced users can modify to change the boot behaviour of AmigaOS
  
−
* dos.library.kmod - this module is a collection of functions that any program can use to perform actions on disks, files and directories
  
−
* elf.library.kmod - handles the loading of executable programs
  
−
* env-handler.kmod - handles the read/writes of environment variables
  
−
* FileSystem.resource.kmod - handles the use of the different filesystems
  
−
* gadtools.library.kmod - collection of functions used to create all graphic objects like gadgets, sliders, menus...
  
−
* gameport.device.kmod - handles the read/writes of game pads and joysticks
  
−
* graphics.library.kmod - collection of functions used to draw graphic elements on the monitor
  
−
* hunk.library.kmod - set of functions to read a data stream into memory
  
−
* input.device.kmod - handles of input events like keyboard events or mouse clicks
  
−
* intuition.library.kmod - collection of functions to create and handle all graphic elements (screens, windows, the mouse pointer...)
  
−
* layers.library.kmod - set of functions to be used to handle different layers in graphic operations
  
−
* keyboard.device.kmod - driver for the keyboard
  
−
* keymap.library.kmod - functions to handle different keymaps
  
−
* newlib.library.kmod - collection of functions to perform memory operations (allocating memory, copying memory areas... )
  
−
* nonvolatile.library.kmod - provides a simple means for an application developer to manage nonvolatile storage
  
−
* nvram.resource.kmod - handles the read/writes to the EEPROM chip present on many AmigaOS computers
  
−
* PCIGraphics.card - driver that supports the use of different graphic cards
  
−
* ram-handler.kmod - functions that handles the '''Ram disk:''' special disk
  
−
* ramdrive.device.kmod - device that allows the usage of the ramdrive device '''RAD:''' disk
  
−
* ramlib.kmod - loads disk based libraries and devices for exec.library
  
−
* rtg.library - library of functions perform lowlevel graphic operations on graphic cards
  
−
* shell.kmod - the AmigaOS command line interface
  
−
* strap.kmod - module that handles booting on different disk devices
  
−
* timer.device.kmod - driver to give access to timing functions
  
   
  +
Of course this being AmigaOS, the ASL requester has its own "preferences editor" that lets you set how the requester appears, is sorted by default and a number of mouse button short-cuts.
−
==== Filesystem support ====
  
  +
<br style="clear: both" />
   
  +
== Controlling AmigaOS - Which Way? ==
−
These kickstart modules can be loaded or left aside. If you want to use a particular filesystem on your disk partitions, you need to load the corresponding filesystem module.
  
   
  +
AmigaOS provides a number of parallel ways that the user can control and put their Amigas to use. The easiest and most common method is to use the AmigaOS graphic icons, windows and mouse interface - the "Workbench" - using all the GUI elements described above. But AmigaOS also provides a more traditional or "old fashioned" method called a command line interface (the "CLI" or "Shell"), where the user can type text commands and interact using a text interface. AmigaOS also provides a unique means of "interprocess communications" where user can have many applications and parts of the OS "talk" to each other.
−
* CDFileSystem - handles the CD-ROM disks with data stored in different formats: ISO9660, HFS...
  
−
* SmartFilesystem - allows to store data on partitions in SFS0 and SFS2
  
−
* JXFileSystem - allows to create partitions in JXFS
  
−
* FastFileSystem - allows the usage of partitions in FFS and FFS2 layouts
  
−
* diskcache.library.kmod - component required by the SmartFileSystem and JXFileSystem modules
  
   
−
==== Hardware drivers ====
 +
=== The Workbench & Intuition ===
   
  +
As we described above, AmigaOS provides the "Workbench", a straightforward, efficient and easy graphical means to start applications, manage your computer and all your files. Files and programs are represented with icons, generally known as "Projects" and "Tools". They can be stored in any arrangement of directories ("Drawers"). You double-click on a program icon and it will open in a Intuition GUI window on your Workbench screen.
−
===== Graphic cards drivers =====
  
   
  +
Please see the section about the AmigaOS [http://wiki.amigaos.net/index.php/UserDoc:Workbench Workbench] to learn these concepts:
−
* 3dfxVoodoo.chip
  
−
* 3DLabsPermedia2.chip
  
−
* ATIRadeon.chip
  
−
* RadeonHD.chip
  
−
* siliconmotion502.chip
  
   
  +
* What is the Workbench
−
===== Disk drivers =====
  
  +
* Workbench menus
  +
* Keyboard control
  +
* Workbench requesters
  +
* Configuration
  +
* Workbench help
   
  +
=== The Shell & DOS Commands ===
−
* it8212ide.device.kmod
  
−
* lsi53c8xx.device.kmod
  
−
* sam460sata.device.kmod
  
−
* sii3112ide.device.kmod
  
−
* sii3512ide.device.kmod
  
−
* sii3114ide.device.kmod
  
−
* sii0680ide.device.kmod
  
−
* sii3132ide.device.kmod
  
   
  +
[[File:OS4-Window-Shell.jpg|frame|right]]
−
===== USB drivers =====
  
  +
The AmigaOS Shell can be opened by double-clicking the "Shell" icon in the AmigaOS "System" drawer. The Shell is a text based interface that allows you to perform most of the same operations as the Workbench - to run and interact with application programs, manage files and control your Amiga computer. AmigaOS also comes with dozens of standard "DOS commands" (programs purely meant for Shell usage). Simply enter the name of a program or command (like "dir") and press Enter, the command or program will run and it will print its results in the Shell window. While considered old fashioned, many users find the Shell to still be the most efficient way to perform many tasks on the Amigas.
   
  +
Please see the section on the [[UserDoc:Shell|AmigaOS Shell]] to learn more.
−
* hub.usbfd
  
  +
<br style="clear: both" />
−
* usbsys.device
  
−
* usbresource.library
  
−
* ehci.usbhcd
  
−
* ohci.usbhcd
  
−
* uhci.usbhcd
  
−
* massstorage.usbfd
  
   
−
===== Other drivers =====
 +
=== Scripts & Messages ===
   
  +
Scripts are simple text files that contain a list of commands written in a variety of languages: the AmigaDOS, Arexx and Python languages are provided with AmigaOS - there are many others. Each of these language has its strengths. You'll have to learn the one that suits what you want to do. You can create a script using a text editor. You can run such scripts from the Workbench or from the shell (or from any other script). By using ARexx ports provided by AmigaOS components (the Workbench or Multiview, for example) or third-party applications, scripts can be used to make your computer perform a wide variety of actions.
−
* bootkeyboard.usbfd - allows a USB keyboard to be used even before the USB stack is loaded
  
−
* bootmouse.usbfd - allows a USB mouse to be used even before the USB stack is loaded
  
−
* fpga.resource.kmod - allows to use the FPGA components which are present on some Amiga computers
  
−
* i2c.resource.kmod - allows to use the i2c interface present on some Amiga computers
  
−
* xena.resource.kmod - provides access to the Xena chip on the AmigaOne X1000
  
   
−
==== Misc modules ====
 +
== AmigaOS System Tools ==
  +
AmigaOS comes with a variety of programs to help in the preparation of your computer. These include tools for:
   
  +
* Drive preparation (Media Toolbox, Format, Format DCRW & Mounter).
−
* petunia.library.kmod - this module contains the Just-In-Time emulator that allows AmigaOS to run programs made for the Motorola 68k processor
  
  +
* Font Handling (TypeManager & FixFonts).
  +
* Script Languages (RexxMast and Python).
  +
* The Shell.
  +
* Miscellaneous Utilities (Find, Help, Grim Reaper & Ringhio Server).
   
−
=== System components ===
 +
== AmigaOS Utilities ==
  +
AmigaOS comes with a selection of utilities to assist the user, including:
   
  +
* Commodities.
−
Beside the kickstart modules, AmigaOS uses many different components that can be loaded only when used. These files are stored in different directories in the system volume.
  
  +
* Editors (Notepad, MEmacs, PrefsObjectEditor & IconEdit).
−
Here is described a default AmigaOS installation.
  
  +
* Postscript oriented apps (AmiPDF, AmiGS & Ghostscript).
  +
* Disk apps (PartitionWizard & RawDisk).
  +
* Screenblankers.
  +
* AmiDock and Dockies.
  +
* The Unarc dearchiver.
  +
* PlayCD.
  +
* Several "sub-programs" that are used by other system utilities (blankers, dockies)
  +
* Miscellaneous apps (Clock, printing apps, KeyShow, install apps, etc.).
   
  +
Read [[Utilities|here]] to find all of them explained further.
−
* C
  
−
This directory contains AmigaDOS '''C'''ommands
  
−
* Classes
  
−
contains different object elements easy to be used in any program: gadgets, requesters, graphic table, windows...
  
−
* Devs
  
−
contains definition for '''Dev'''ices
  
−
* Emulation
  
−
contains files used for the 68k emulation (though E-UAE)
  
−
* Fonts
  
−
contains various systems fonts
  
−
* Internet
  
−
contains a dialer to connect to Internet
  
−
* Kickstart
  
−
contains the kickstart modules
  
−
* L
  
−
contains hand'''l'''ers and filesystems
  
−
* Libs
  
−
contains dynamic '''Libr'''airies of functions
  
−
* Locale
  
−
contains all files used to localise the system (catalogs, keymaps...)
  
−
* MUI
  
−
contains the needed files for programs that use the MUI third party graphic interface
  
−
* Prefs
  
−
contains the preference programs used to customise AmigaOS
  
−
* S
  
−
contains the '''S'''cripts
  
−
* SObjs
  
−
contains .so object files
  
−
* Storage
  
−
contains other optional files
  
−
* System
  
−
contains some programs used by the system itself (i.e. you don't need to run them yourself) or low-level programs like disk tools
  
−
* Utilities
  
−
contains several utilities
  
   
−
== AmigaOS boot procedure ==
 +
== AmigaOS Preferences ==
  +
AmigaOS comes with a number of small programs used for modifying the system's settings. These are stored in the [[Prefs]] drawer, and include programs for modifying the following settings:
   
  +
* General appearance
−
Basically a computer with AmigaOS does the following when the power button is pushed:
  
  +
* Screen resolution
−
* the BIOS of the computer initialises the hardware
  
  +
* Desktop and window backgrounds
−
* the BIOS looks on the harddisk and finds a file called the Second Level Booter (SLB)
  
  +
* Language settings
−
* the SLB will then analyses all Amiga partitions and load each system configuration it finds
  
  +
* Keyboard and mouse settings
−
* the SLB loads the kickstart files of the selected configuration
  
  +
* Printer settings
−
* the kickstart files are executed, AmigaOS becomes alive
  
  +
* Audio settings
−
* the file Startup-sequence is executed and with it all commands it contains
  
−
* the Workbench is started
  
   
  +
Read [[Prefs|here]] for details and explanations of all the preference programs.
−
At this point the user can use his/her computer.
  

Latest revision as of 15:50, 5 June 2014

Like any modern personal computer system, AmigaOS presents a graphic interface and relies on common peripherals to let the user control their system. Beyond most systems, AmigaOS provides more flexibility and options in how the user can approach, configure and use their Amiga computer.

In this page we will describe the details of AmigaOS graphic user interface (GUI) - how screens, windows and gadgets are presented and how you can use them. We will also describe the various means by which the user can control and operate AmigaOS. In additional pages, you can read about how AmigaOS works and what its components are.

AmigaOS Input - Point, Click and Type

There are two common ways you can use and control your AmigaOS system - by mouse and keyboard.

But AmigaOS also lets you control your system by other input devices (like touchscreens or voice recognition) depending on drivers and devices connected. Depending on software installed, AmigaOS can also be remotely controlled by networked protocols (like VNC and Synergy). Finally, AmigaOS can be controlled internal scripts set up by the User.

Using the mouse

Style2.5.png

Typically in AmigaOS, you use a mouse to act on graphic elements (like "gadgets", "icons" or webpage "links"). By default, AmigaOS expects and supports mice or trackball pointing devices with at least two buttons. The left mouse button is used to "left-click" on graphic objects, to select them or operate them. The right mouse button is used to "right-click" and display the menus of the current application.

Optionally, one can use a mouse or trackball device with three (a "middle" button) and four buttons. With such devices, the functionality of the additional buttons can vary by application or environment. These functionalities can typically be configured by the user in specific applications or within AmigaOS (globally).

Furthermore, scroll wheels are supported by AmigaOS in a context-based fashion. If the current application's window is scrollable, the scrollwheel will act on that area. If the mouse pointer is positioned over a specifically scrollable gadget, the scrollwheel will affect that gadget.

In some applications and environments, you can also "double-click" (click twice, quickly) with the left button on an object to engage them. In the Workbench file manager, a single mouse click will only "select" an icon, whereas a double-click will open drawer/directory, run an application or open a file in an associated program.

Beside "clicking" - pressing down and releasing a mouse button at a specific location - you can also perform what is known as "dragging", which means clicking down and then moving the mouse around before releasing the mouse button. This is typically always done with the left mouse button and is done to select objects (draw a box around them), to adjust a control slider or to resize a window.


Using the keyboard

Of course the keyboard is used to enter text into text editing areas. But your keyboard can do so much more with its special "qualifier" keys and AmigaOS.

The most common example of a qualifier key is the "Shift" key which causes typed text to be made upper-case or capitalized. There are more qualifier keys on most keyboards, here is a list of all of them:

  • the Shift keys - the common key that causes your text to be capitalized.
  • The "Alternate" keys - the "Alt" keys typically to the bottom right and left of the keyboard.
  • the "Control" keys - the "Ctrl" keys also to the bottom right and left of the keyboard.
  • the "Amiga" keys - special "A" keys on the right and left side of the space bar. Besides being unique to AmigaOS, the right and left Amiga keys always mean different things (unlike the rest of the qualifier keys, most of the time). If you have a non-AmigaOS keyboard, the "Windows" or MacOS "Command" keys function as "Amiga" keys.
    • the Right Amiga key - is used for "short cuts" within your current application.
    • the Left Amiga key - is used for "short cuts" that are globally active anytime and anywhere in your AmigaOS system.

While all of these qualifier keys don't usually do anything on their own, when you press and hold one or more of these keys down while pressing regular keys, they can change what you type (capitalizing or making alternate characters) or become powerful "short-cuts" within your applications or throughout your entire AmigaOS system.

The most famous short-cuts are the copy, cut and paste operations that you can perform on selected text:

  • the Right-Amiga C short-cut copies any selected text or content to the Clipboard.
  • the Right-Amiga X short-cut "cuts" any selected text or content to the Clipboard.
  • the Right-Amiga V short-cut "pastes" any text or content from the Clipboard into your application (at the current cursor location).

The AmigaOS GUI - Intuition

When AmigaOS has started, you will typically see the Workbench file manager. This is the start of your experience with the AmigaOS GUI and its most basic elements: a screen with menus and windows containing icons and "gagdets". These components are the basic building blocks of virtually all AmigaOS & application interfaces.

As with most things in AmigaOS, almost all of the following components can also be almost infinitely reconfigured, adjusted and graphically varied by the user. In the AmigaOS "Preferences" drawer, the "GUI", "ASL", "Locale", "Font", "Palette", "Poiner", "PopUpMenu", "Screens", "Workbench" and "WBPattern" preference editors easily allow a user to reconfigure the look and feel of their Amiga's GUI in dramatic ways.

AmigaOS also supports the use of alternate GUI systems in parallel with the default "Intuition" (aka "Reaction") GUI system. By default AmigaOS also comes with the "Magic User Interface" system ("MUI", a variant of the basic AmigaOS GUI system). Aside from Intuition, MUI can be reconfigured even more widely using its own MUI configuration app.

Additionally, AmigaOS can use a number of third-party "cross-platform" GUI systems: "AmiCygnix" GUI system - a native X11 GUI implementation for AmigaOS - and a native port of the "Qt" GUI system. With either of these systems, it is possible to run ported applications compiled for AmigaOS, but running with these cross-platform GUI systems.

To start with, we will explore the elements that make up the AmigaOS GUI system.

Screens

As start-up, the Workbench will be running on its "Workbench Screen". This will be the default location where most other application windows will also appear when started.

Typically an AmigaOS screen will have a "title bar" across the top with a graphical "depth gadget" at the right end. In the case of the Workbench screen, there will be an AmigaOS "boing ball" at the left end and the title bar will display certain system information (OS version, memory availability, etc.) Within the screen, the Workbench and any other applications can open windows, display icons and other GUI devices. If you right-click over the title bar, it becomes a "Menu Bar", showing you the control menus that are available for that application.

In many cases, other applications may open screens in addition to the Workbench screen. The "depth gadget" at the right end of each screen's title bar allows you to click from screen from screen. Besides clicking on the screen's depth gadet, AmigaOS also lets the user see other screens behind the front screen by "dragging" down on the screen title bar.

The characteristics of the Workbench screen such as resolution and color depth can be configured in the "Screenmode" preferences editor. Other screens can be either be configured in the "Screens" preferences editor or from within individual applications. Typically, AmigaOS applications also give the user the choice of whether application runs on their own screens or the "public" Workbench screen.

Windows

Windows are graphic containers that appear within AmigaOS screens. Windows can be created by any number of different applications - the Workbench, Shell sessions or applications. Outside of the Workbench file manager, each window usually reflects each individual running application. In some cases, one application may open multiple documents in separate windows or additional "requester" windows might appear for an application.

LibFig4-1.png

Almost all windows of AmigaOS will have these common elements:

  • Borders - A border around the window's contents. Holding the Shift+Left-Amiga keys down while dragging any border will drag the window around.
  • Title bar - A thicker top border that typically contains a name of the application or its contents. The area of the title bar acts as a "drag bar" which you can use to drag the window around the screen.
  • Depth gadget - The right-most gadget in the top title bar that either pulls the window to front (if it isn't frontmost) or pushes it to the back (if it's in front). Holding down the Shift key while clicking this gagdet pushes the window to the back.

In AmigaOS, windows may also optionally have these additional features and elements:

  • Close gadget - The left-most gadget in the title bar that closes the window.
  • Scroll bar(s) and arrows - If the contents of the window can be scrolled in vertically and/or horizontally, there will be a scroll bar with arrow scroll buttons. These scroll bars can also be used if the mouse pointer is over a scroll bar and the mouse scroll wheel is used.
  • Zoom gadget - the second gadget from the right-most of the title bar which switches the window between two sizes. Holding down the Shift key while clicking this gadget will make it fill the screen.
  • Iconification gadget - left-most of the right-hand gadgets in the title bar which causes the window to disappear into an icon on the Workbench background - thus "Iconifying" the window or application.
  • Sizing gadget - In the case of windows that can be resized, this is the gadget in the bottom right corner of the window that you can drag to resize the window.

Each AmigaOS application can use many different combinations of these features in the make up of their windows.

Menus

LibFig2-4.png

Menus are lists of items that will allow you to see and use what commands are available in an application. The Workbench uses menus you can use to perform actions on the Workbench and its contents. Menus typically provide many more functions and commands than can be presented to the user than just graphic buttons, etc. within an application's window, as a result they are a primary way most applications are used.

In AmigaOS menus can always be found for the current application by moving the mouse to the top of the screen and holding down the right mouse button. The screen title bar will become a menu bar and will show the names of all the current application's menus.

By dragging with the right mouse button, each menu will display its "menu items". Each of those menu items corresponds to a command or setting, and can be selected by releasing the right mouse button while the desired menu item is highlighted. In some cases you will find a "check box" on a menu item which you can select to toggle a setting. In other cases, you will find that menu items have a little arrow head that indicates that item actually has a "sub-menu" - a menu within a menu. Menus ending with an ellipsis ("...") indicate that menu item will open a window that can be cancelled without committing any command. For those menu items that might be deactivated (they may not apply at the moment), they will be "greyed-out".

The labels of many menu items will also include a letter or two with an "A" at the right edge. This indicates what the keyboard Right-Amiga "short cut" is the equivalent of using that menu item within that application. In the above screen shot, you can see that pressing the two keys - "Right-Amiga" and "N" - would do the same as that menu item - to create a new drawer.

Consistent Organization

For the sake of consistency (when applicable), the first two AmigaOS menus of any application are typically organized with the following hierarchy and use these keyboard equivalents:

First Menu:
Keyboard equivalent: Second Menu:
Keyboard equivalent:
PROJECT
EDIT
New = Create new project in application. Right-Amiga N Cut = Cut the selected content into the Clipboard. Right-Amiga X
Open... = Open the file containing a project. Right-Amiga O Copy = Copy the selected content into the Clipboard. Right-Amiga C
Save = Save the project to it's current file name. Right-Amiga S Paste = Paste the Clipboard contents into the project (at the current location). Right-Amiga V
Save As... = Save the project to a file of a new name. Undo = Undo the last change to current project. Right-Amiga Z
Print = Print the current project. Right-Amiga P Redo = Restore the last change "undone" in the current project.
Close = Close the project.
Quit = Quit the application. Right-Amiga Q

Menu Variations

AmigaOS also includes some additional ways menus can be presented to the user:

Pop-Up Menus
OS4-WBPopUpMenu.jpg

In the GUI preferences editor you can configure menus to "pop-up" under the mouse pointer whenever you right-click the mouse. This means you do not need to move the mouse to the top of the screen to use the menus. There are also options for making menus "sticky", meaning that you don't need to drag the mouse to navigate the menus, but rather just right click and the menus stay open until you make a selection or click away.

Context Menus
OS4-WBContextMenu.jpg

The Workbench (with a utility added by default) and many applications provide "contextual menus". This means that you can put your mouse pointer over elements and right-click to pop-up a menu of things that are specific to the item you clicked over. In the case of the Workbench (with the Context Menus utility), right clicking on a file will pop-up a menu of things that could be done with that file, like deleting it.

All of these features provide both a simple means of using many functions within an application and at the same time allowing the user to configure a very efficient user interface that responds to nearly every whim.

Icons

Description

Icons are small images which can represent a disk, a directory, an application file or data file. Icons are primarilly used within the AmigaOS Workbench environment to represent all the file system objects the user can manipulate. With these icons it is possible to select files, open them, delete them or move them around within the Workbench. Applications may also make more limited use of icons to represent file system objects or may be used as imagery in an "icon bar" of buttons that can be clicked to perform various actions represented by icon imagery, like the Clock above.

Drive icon
Directory with sub-directory, data and application file icons

AmigaOS also uses different icon imagery to indicate various types of icons - drives, directories, files and applications. Drive or partition icons look like little hard drives. A directory icon will look like a cabinet & drawer whereas a file icon will be designed to give a clue about the file content. Data files are normally shown with a "page" motif and some graphics or text to reflect the file type. Application files typically have the most free-form graphics that reflect their purpose, name or developer.

The user can also edit the icon imagery using the icon editor, change how icons react to being double-clicked and adjust parameters stored within the icon file that affect how the represented file will be used.

Many applications and all AmigaOS file requesters allow Workbench icons to be "dragged and dropped" into the application or requester windows and the associated file will be recognized by the application, if possible.

Icon states

Icons can look different not only because of their image but also depending on their state.

As you can see in the directory example, the 2 top left icons appear semi-transparent. This subtle difference reflects whether the file or directory has an associated icon file with it. In AmigaOS, any directory or file can have such an icon file that stores a unique icon image, unique program settings or specific settings for that file or directory. That information can be adjusted within the Workbench and is automatically stored in a companion file with the same name, but with an added .info suffix.

While many files and directories and most applications have such ".info files" with them, they are not required and the Workbench can be set to show you "default icons" (based on the file types, etc.) so you can manipulate the corresponding objects. Of course, AmigaOS can also be configured on a directory-by-directory basis to only show files that have associated ".info" files.

In the same picture, the two top right directory icons also look slightly different. While the Utilities selected and the Utilities unselected are the same icon, their image is a bit different. The drawer of the first one is slightly opened and there is a "glow" effect arround the first icon. These two visual clues show you the first directory icon has been selected by the user whereas the second one is not.

App Icons

Many applications provide the option to be "iconified" either by clicking on an iconification gadget in their window title bars or by selecting a menu item. In those events, the application's window will disappear and an "app icon" will appear on the background of the Workbench screen. Double-clicking on the app icon will cause the icon to disappear and the application's window to reappear. Even while the application is iconified, it does continue to run and perform whatever the user may have it doing.

Some applications may also place an app icon on the Workbench background even while the application is open to allow the user to be able to drop other file icons on the app icon and have them be used by the application.

Graphic gadgets

Within AmigaOS and application windows, there can be any number of graphic devices meant to be operated by your mouse with clicks and drags - these are known as "gagdets". In most cases, the gagdets are simple analogs of real world objects - like buttons you press with your finger, forms you fill out with a pencil or tabs on folders.

LibFig5-1.png

Buttons

OS4-Buttons.jpg

Buttons (or "Boolean gadgets") are some of the most common GUI objects. With a simple left-click of your mouse button, they are used to perform actions, set configurations or indicate choices.

In AmigaOS, clicking "down" on a button typically causes the button to be rendered differently, to reflect that it has been "pressed". Engaging the button is not actually recognized until you let go with the mouse button over the graphic gadget. This means that while the gadget has been clicked down, you always have the option of moving the mouse off the button gadget and then letting go and it will be as though the button had never been "pressed" or clicked on.

Text gadgets

OS4-StringGadgets.jpg

A text gadget (or "String gadget") works like a space in a paper form to be filled out - left click in the gadget, you will see a cursor appear and you can type your answer. Once you've finished typing your infrormation, you can either press the enter, carriage-return or tab keys for your entry to be recognized.

Text or string gadgets can also come in a number of variants for specific uses. Some can limit input to be numeric only (and may have adjacent buttons to increment or decrement the value). Some string gadgets may be specifically be meant for file or directory names and they have adjacent gagdets that will bring up a file requester to set the value. Many times a numeric gadget is paired with a slider gadget (as in the example above), where the value can either be set by typing in the gadget or by using the slider.

Sliders & Scroll Bars

OS4-SliderGadgets.jpg

Slider gadgets work like controls many of have seen on their stereo systems - left-click and drag on the gadget "knob" to move it back and forth to set a value. A more sophisticated variant of the slider is the "scroll bar" that has a variably sized scroll bar contained in a scroll box that lets you see what proportion of the active range is visible or active.

With all slider and scroller gadgets AmigaOS also lets you click in the area to either side of the knob or slider to adjust the setting. In the case of sliders, the value will typically move by a fixed amount (+/- 1 or some suitable increment). In the case of scroll bars, clicking in the scroll box on either side of the scroll bar will cause the value to move in increments of the scroll bar size. Scroll bars also come with "scroll arrows" at the end of the scroll box that allow for finer movement of the scroll bar.

Cycle gadgets

OS4-CycleGadgets.jpg

Cycle gagdets are a variant on buttons that let you select from a number of specific choices. You can either click on the majority of the gadget to pop-up a list of choices to select from or click on the circular arrow to cycle between the list of choices. Cycle gagdets rarely cause actions to occur, they just adjust some setting or configuration.

Check Box & Radio Button gadgets

OS4-CheckRadioGadgets.jpg

Another variant of buttons, check boxes can be clicked to set on/off or yes/no conditions with a checkmark, just like a check box in a paper form. Radio buttons are another variant where two or more round buttons are presented in a set and only one of the set can be clicked and activated, like the buttons on a stereo system.

Tabs

OS4-Tabs.jpg

Tabs are a graphical gadget that is used in combination with a "pages" or sets of gadgets and/or information, and you can click on the "tabs" to switch between the pages - like you might in a real notebook with tabbed pages. This provides a efficient way to present more information and settings in a compact interface.

Requesters

LibFig2-5.png

As one uses AmigaOS and its applications, from time to time a "Requester" window may appear to ask the user a question - basically windows with gadgets in them. Such requesters can appear to confirm an action, obtain more information, make a selection or configuration. Typically a series of buttons across the bottom of the window will dispatch the requester, with the bottom-left button gadget indicating some affirmative choice and the bottom-right button gagdet cancelling the requester (performing no action or change).

Keyboard Operation of Gadgets

As with so many things, AmigaOS and its applications provide a secondary way to operate many of these gadgets - by keyboard. If a window contains text gadgets, pressing your keyboard's TAB key will activate the text gadgets in sequence (a cursor will appear in each so you can type & edit). Each press of the TAB key will cycle to the next gadget and pressing SHIFT + TAB will cycle through the gadgets in reverse order.

You may have noticed in many of the above sample images that many of the gagdets or their adjacent "label" texts contain a single underlined character. This is a sign that pressing that key on your keyboard will activate that gadget. Each gadget can then be operated by your keyboard - just like clicking on a button, clicking on a tab, setting a text or numeric value, etc. Of course, if you are in the midst of typing in a text gadget, then things you type will go into that gadget instead of operating other gagdets.

Finding Files in AmigaOS

OS4-ASLReq.jpg

AmigaOS provides a consistent method for navigating your file system and finding your files from within your apps - the "ASL file requester". It is used by everything in AmigaOS and most third party applications. It is the window (or "requester") that appears when you want to open or save files.

As you can see, the ASL file requester presents the files in a given location in your file systems (a directory or "drawer") and shows their size, date of creation or last modification and any comments attached to the file. The above example shows the same directory as appeared above in this page.

At the bottom corners of the window are buttons to accept the selection ("OK") or cancel the requester. Between those are buttons to view all the drives & partitions on your system ("Volumes") or to move to the "Parent" of the current directory.

Also at the bottom of the window you will see three text gadgets. The first of these is optional and allows you to filter what is shown in the file list - it is now shown filtering out any file with a ".info" suffix (those are AmigaOS icon files). The next two lines reflect the current directory path name and the currently selected file name (also selected in the file list above). In the case of saving files, you would type any name you wanted in the bottom text field to create a new file. Clicking on the titles of the file list will let you sort the file list.

Of course this being AmigaOS, the ASL requester has its own "preferences editor" that lets you set how the requester appears, is sorted by default and a number of mouse button short-cuts.

Controlling AmigaOS - Which Way?

AmigaOS provides a number of parallel ways that the user can control and put their Amigas to use. The easiest and most common method is to use the AmigaOS graphic icons, windows and mouse interface - the "Workbench" - using all the GUI elements described above. But AmigaOS also provides a more traditional or "old fashioned" method called a command line interface (the "CLI" or "Shell"), where the user can type text commands and interact using a text interface. AmigaOS also provides a unique means of "interprocess communications" where user can have many applications and parts of the OS "talk" to each other.

The Workbench & Intuition

As we described above, AmigaOS provides the "Workbench", a straightforward, efficient and easy graphical means to start applications, manage your computer and all your files. Files and programs are represented with icons, generally known as "Projects" and "Tools". They can be stored in any arrangement of directories ("Drawers"). You double-click on a program icon and it will open in a Intuition GUI window on your Workbench screen.

Please see the section about the AmigaOS Workbench to learn these concepts:

  • What is the Workbench
  • Workbench menus
  • Keyboard control
  • Workbench requesters
  • Configuration
  • Workbench help

The Shell & DOS Commands

OS4-Window-Shell.jpg

The AmigaOS Shell can be opened by double-clicking the "Shell" icon in the AmigaOS "System" drawer. The Shell is a text based interface that allows you to perform most of the same operations as the Workbench - to run and interact with application programs, manage files and control your Amiga computer. AmigaOS also comes with dozens of standard "DOS commands" (programs purely meant for Shell usage). Simply enter the name of a program or command (like "dir") and press Enter, the command or program will run and it will print its results in the Shell window. While considered old fashioned, many users find the Shell to still be the most efficient way to perform many tasks on the Amigas.

Please see the section on the AmigaOS Shell to learn more.

Scripts & Messages

Scripts are simple text files that contain a list of commands written in a variety of languages: the AmigaDOS, Arexx and Python languages are provided with AmigaOS - there are many others. Each of these language has its strengths. You'll have to learn the one that suits what you want to do. You can create a script using a text editor. You can run such scripts from the Workbench or from the shell (or from any other script). By using ARexx ports provided by AmigaOS components (the Workbench or Multiview, for example) or third-party applications, scripts can be used to make your computer perform a wide variety of actions.

AmigaOS System Tools

AmigaOS comes with a variety of programs to help in the preparation of your computer. These include tools for:

  • Drive preparation (Media Toolbox, Format, Format DCRW & Mounter).
  • Font Handling (TypeManager & FixFonts).
  • Script Languages (RexxMast and Python).
  • The Shell.
  • Miscellaneous Utilities (Find, Help, Grim Reaper & Ringhio Server).

AmigaOS Utilities

AmigaOS comes with a selection of utilities to assist the user, including:

  • Commodities.
  • Editors (Notepad, MEmacs, PrefsObjectEditor & IconEdit).
  • Postscript oriented apps (AmiPDF, AmiGS & Ghostscript).
  • Disk apps (PartitionWizard & RawDisk).
  • Screenblankers.
  • AmiDock and Dockies.
  • The Unarc dearchiver.
  • PlayCD.
  • Several "sub-programs" that are used by other system utilities (blankers, dockies)
  • Miscellaneous apps (Clock, printing apps, KeyShow, install apps, etc.).

Read here to find all of them explained further.

AmigaOS Preferences

AmigaOS comes with a number of small programs used for modifying the system's settings. These are stored in the Prefs drawer, and include programs for modifying the following settings:

  • General appearance
  • Screen resolution
  • Desktop and window backgrounds
  • Language settings
  • Keyboard and mouse settings
  • Printer settings
  • Audio settings

Read here for details and explanations of all the preference programs.

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